Transmission power control method, communication device and program

ABSTRACT

There is provided a method for controlling a transmission power in a second communication service making secondary usage of a spectrum assigned to a first communication service, with use of any node of one or more secondary usage node that transmits a radio signal of the second communication service, comprising the steps of: acquiring an acceptable interference power allocated to the second communication service; calculating a total sum of interference power levels on the first communication service based on transmission powers respectively required for the one or more secondary usage node; and excluding any secondary usage node of the one or more secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power when the calculated total sum of interference power levels is larger than the acceptable interference power.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/367,035, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,104,625, entitled “TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL METHOD, COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND PROGRAM” filed on Dec. 1, 2016, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/824,701, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,661,587, entitled “TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL METHOD, COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND PROGRAM” filed on Aug. 12, 2015, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/049,328, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,137,761, entitled “TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL METHOD, COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND PROGRAM” filed on Oct. 9, 2013, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/587,312, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,588,829, entitled “TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL METHOD, COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND PROGRAM” filed on Aug. 16, 2012, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 and is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/840,831, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,265,684, entitled “TRANSMISSION POWER CONTROL METHOD, COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND PROGRAM” filed on Jul. 21, 2010, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Foreign priority benefits are claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a)-(d) or 35 U.S.C. § 365(b) of Japanese application number 2009-179368, filed Jul. 31, 2009 and Japanese application number 2010-110013, filed May 12, 2010.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a transmission power control method, a communication device and a program.

Description of the Related Art

Discussions have been taking place recently regarding secondary usage of a spectrum assigned for primary usage to provide a secondary communication service depending on the use condition of the spectrum. For example, the standard specification for allowing an unused channel contained in a spectrum of the U.S. digital TV broadcast (TV white spaces) to be available for radio communication has been studied in the IEEE802.22 working group (cf. “IEEE802.22 WG on WRANs”, [online], [Searched on Jan. 5, 2009], Internet <URL:http://www.ieee802.org/22/>).

Further, according to the report from FCC (Federal Communications Commission) on November 2008, the discussions are directed toward permitting secondary usage of TV white spaces by using a communication device that fulfills a certain condition and has received an authorization. The FCC's report accepts the above-described standard specification of IEEE802.22 which is the pioneering work on the standardization of secondary usage of TV white spaces and further coverts the moves of a new study group in IEEE. Technically, because it is required to perform signal detection at the level of −114 [dBm] (SNR is about −19 [dB] when NF (Noise Figure) is 11 [dB], for example) with use of existing technology, for example, an auxiliary function such as geo-location database access is expected to be necessary (cf. “SECOND REPORT AND ORDER AND MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER”, [online], [Searched on Jul. 10, 2009], Internet<URL:http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-08-260A1.pdf>). Further, the FCC is searching for opening a 250 MHz band, which is a part of a 5 GHz band, as a new channel for secondary usage.

Furthermore, in the EU, there are moves afoot to universally allocate a dedicated control channel called CPC (Cognitive Pilot Channel) for making DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Access) under a long-term strategy. Allocation of CPC is incorporated in the agenda of ITU (International Telecommunication Union)-WP11 in 2011. Technological studies for a secondary usage system that makes DSA are also being progressed in IEEE SCC (Standards Coordinating Committee) 41.

In such a background, several research reports have been released recently concerning secondary usage of a spectrum in the case of assuming a broadcasting system, a satellite communication system, a mobile communication system or the like as a primary system. For example, Alan Bok et al., “Cognitive Radio System using IEEE802.11a over UHF TVWS”, Motorola, October 2008 proposes a system architecture in the case of operating a radio system with use of the IEEE802.22 standard on TV white spaces of UHF (Ultra High Frequency). Further, D. Gueny et al., “Geo-location database technique for incumbent protection in the TV White space”, DySPAN, October 2008 also intends use of TV white spaces and proposes a form that utilizes positional information of a service area of a primary system as external information.

On the occasion of secondary usage of a spectrum, it is generally necessary for a system on the part of secondary usage (secondary system) to carry out the operation that does not degrade the communication quality of a primary system. Therefore, when transmitting a radio signal in the secondary system, it is desirable to control its transmission power so as to avoid interference on a node of the primary system.

Regarding such control of a transmission power, in the case of secondary usage of TV white spaces as proposed by Alan Bok et al. or D. Gueny et al., it can be confirmed beforehand that a channel for secondary usage is not used at all, and it is thus possible to determine in many cases that a transmission power at the maximum level can be used. On the other hand, H. Fujii and H. Yoshino (NTT docomo), “Spectrum sharing by adaptive transmit power control for low priority system and its achievable capacity”, CrownCom, May 2008 proposes a technique that protects a node of a high-priority system by adaptively controlling a transmission power in a low-priority system.

Further, Inage et al., “Spectrum Sharing Based on Capacity Conservation Ratio of Primary User”, IEICE Technical Report SR2009, May 2009 proposes a technique that, when a system such as a mobile communication system in which the receiving environment of a terminal varies depending on location due to fading or the like is the primary system, adopts the ratio of capacity (capacity conservation ratio) between before and after secondary usage in the primary system as a protection criterion and makes transmission power control for satisfying the capacity conservation ratio.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to make full effective use of a limited spectrum, it is not sufficient to achieve secondary usage of the above-described white space, which is a spectrum in an area where a communication service related to primary usage (which is referred to hereinafter as a first communication service) is not provided. One reason is that secondary usage of the white space is utilization of a spectrum that is apparently available in the long and medium terms in a particular region, and an actual opportunity of usage is limited to an area where there are only a small number of users of the first communication service. Further, as for secondary usage of the TV white space in the United States, for example, it is predicted that part of the spectrum is auctioned and a spectrum left for secondary usage is small.

Given such a situation, one possible approach is to make secondary usage of a spectrum within a service area of the first communication service under permission of a coordinator (e.g. a base station) of the first communication service, for example. Another possible approach is to make secondary usage of a spectrum that is unavailable for the first communication service in an area inside or in the peripheral part of a service area of the first communication service where signal receiving conditions are relatively unsuitable due to shadowing (shielding), fading or the like. In such cases of secondary usage, it is expected that a node of the primary system (which is referred to hereinafter as a primary usage node) and a node of the secondary system (which is referred to hereinafter as a secondary usage node) are located closer to each other. Therefore, a mechanism of transmission power control that suppresses interference with enhanced adaptability is desirable. For example, because the technique taught by Inage et al. decreases the entire capacity of the primary system in one cell at a constant rate and allocates the amount of decrease to the secondary system, there remains a possibility it becomes difficult to receive a radio signal (primary signal) locally in one primary usage node due to interference of the secondary usage node in the nearby vicinity.

In light of the foregoing, it is desirable to provide a novel and improved transmission power control method, communication device and program that can achieve more opportunities of communication by secondary usage while suppressing interference on the primary system on the occasion of secondary usage of a spectrum.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for controlling a transmission power in a second communication service making secondary usage of a spectrum assigned to a first communication service, with use of any node of one or more secondary usage node that transmits a radio signal of the second communication service, including the steps of: acquiring an acceptable interference power allocated to the second communication service; calculating a total sum of interference power levels on the first communication service based on transmission powers respectively required for the one or more secondary usage node; and excluding any secondary usage node of the one or more secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power when the calculated total sum of interference power levels is larger than the acceptable interference power.

In this configuration, the acceptable interference power allocated to the second communication service is acquired by the secondary usage node acting as the coordinator of the second communication service, for example, Further, the total sum of interference power levels regarding respectively required power levels for one or more secondary usage node that subscribe to the second communication service is calculated. Then, when the calculated total sum of interference power levels is larger than the acceptable interference power, any secondary usage node is excluded from allocation of the transmission power.

The method may further include the step of: increasing a transmission power corresponding to any secondary usage node when the calculated total sum of interference power levels is smaller than the acceptable interference power and a total sum of transmission powers is smaller than a given threshold depending on an interference level occurring in each secondary usage node.

The step of excluding any secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power may exclude a secondary usage node causing a relatively high interference level on other secondary usage nodes.

The step of excluding any secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power may exclude a secondary usage node causing a relatively high interference level on a primary usage node that receives a radio signal of the first communication service.

The step of excluding any secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power may exclude a secondary usage node of which path loss on a communication path from a primary usage node that receives a radio signal of the first communication service is relatively low.

The step of excluding any secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power may exclude a secondary usage node of which priority assigned in advance to each secondary usage node is relatively low.

The step of excluding any secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power may determine a secondary usage node to be excluded according to a condition which maximizes a capacity after excluding a secondary usage node among two or more conditions selected from an interference level caused on other secondary usage nodes, an interference level caused on a primary usage node that receives a radio signal of the first communication service, a path loss on a communication path, and a priority assigned in advance to each secondary usage node.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a communication device including: a communication unit that is able to communicate with one or more secondary usage node that subscribes to a second communication service making secondary usage of a spectrum assigned to a first communication service; and a control unit that controls a transmission power used by the secondary usage node, wherein the control unit acquires an acceptable interference power allocated to the second communication service; calculates a total sum of interference power levels on the first communication service based on transmission powers respectively required for the one or more secondary usage node; and excludes any secondary usage node of the one or more secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power when the calculated total sum of interference power levels is larger than the acceptable interference power.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a program causing a computer as a control unit, the computer controlling a communication device including a communication unit that is able to communicate with one or more secondary usage node that subscribes to a second communication service making secondary usage of a spectrum assigned to a first communication service, wherein the control unit controls a transmission power used by the secondary usage node and the control unit executing a process including: acquiring an acceptable interference power allocated to the second communication service; calculating a total sum of interference power levels on the first communication service based on transmission powers respectively required for the one or more secondary usage node; and excluding any secondary usage node of the one or more secondary usage node from allocation of the transmission power when the calculated total sum of interference power levels is larger than the acceptable interference power.

According to the embodiments of the present invention described above, it is possible to provide a transmission power control method, a communication device and a program that can achieve more opportunities of communication by secondary usage while suppressing interference on the primary system on the occasion of secondary usage of a spectrum.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagram showing a first example in which a primary usage node receives interference by secondary usage of a spectrum.

FIG. 1B is a diagram showing a second example in which a primary usage node receives interference by secondary usage of a spectrum.

FIG. 2A is a first diagram to describe the effect of interference depending on a communication scheme and a channel direction.

FIG. 2B is a second diagram to describe the effect of interference depending on a communication scheme and a channel direction.

FIG. 2C is a third diagram to describe the effect of interference depending on a communication scheme and a channel direction.

FIG. 2D is a fourth diagram to describe the effect of interference depending on a communication scheme and a channel direction.

FIG. 3A is a first diagram to describe interference between second communication services.

FIG. 3B is a second diagram to describe interference between second communication services.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory view to describe an overview of a communication system according to a first embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of a management node according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power determination process according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power distribution process according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of a terminal device according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power control process in a terminal device according to the first embodiment.

FIG. 10 is an explanatory view to describe an overview of a communication system according to a second embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of a management node according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of a terminal device according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power determination process according to the second embodiment.

FIG. 14 is an explanatory view to describe an overview of a secondary system according to a third embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of a terminal device according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing a first example of a flow of a transmission power control process according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart showing a second example of a flow of a transmission power control process according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing a third example of a flow of a transmission power control process according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing a fourth example of a flow of a transmission power control process according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 20 is a flowchart showing a fifth example of a flow of a transmission power control process according to the third embodiment.

FIG. 21 is an explanatory view to describe an application to TV band.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT(S)

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the appended drawings. Note that, in this specification and the appended drawings, structural elements that have substantially the same function and structure are denoted with the same reference numerals, and repeated explanation of these structural elements is omitted.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described hereinafter in the following order.

1. Interference Control Model according to First Embodiment

-   -   1-1. Example of Interference by Secondary Usage of Spectrum     -   1-2. Description of Interference Control Model     -   1-3. Comparison of Channels for Secondary Usage     -   1-4. Study on Interference between Second Communication Services     -   1-5. Distribution of Transmission Powers among Second         Communication Services     -   1-6. Scope of Term “Secondary Usage”

2. First Embodiment

-   -   2-1. Overview of Communication System     -   2-2. Exemplary Configuration of Management Node     -   2-3. Exemplary Configuration of Terminal Device     -   2-4. Summary of First Embodiment     -   2-5. Alternative Example

3. Second Embodiment

-   -   3-1. Overview of Communication System     -   3-2. Exemplary Configuration of Management Node     -   3-3. Exemplary Configuration of Terminal Device     -   3-4. Summary of Second Embodiment

4. Third Embodiment

-   -   4-1. Overview of Secondary System     -   4-2. Exemplary Configuration of Terminal Device Acting as         Coordinator     -   4-3. Example of Transmission Power Control Process     -   4-4. Summary of Third Embodiment

5. Application to TV Band

1. Interference Control Model According to First Embodiment

[1-1. Example of Interference by Secondary Usage of Spectrum]

Firstly, a case where a primary usage node receives interference due to secondary usage of a spectrum is described briefly with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams respectively showing an example in which any primary usage node included in a primary system receives interference by secondary usage of a spectrum.

Referring to FIG. 1A, primary usage nodes Pn₁ and Pn₂ are located inside a cell 10 of a first communication service. The primary usage node Pn₁ is a base station (PBS: Primary Base Station) that provides the first communication service to a terminal device (which is also called UE: User Equipment) located inside the cell 10. The first communication service may be a given communication service including a digital TV broadcasting service, a satellite communication service, a mobile communication service or the like. On the other hand, the primary usage node Pn₂ is a terminal device (PUE: Primary User Equipment) that is provided with the first communication service. The primary usage node Pn₁, the primary usage node Pn₂, and the other primary usage nodes in the FIG. 1A transit and receive radio signals by using a spectrum assigned to the first communication service and thereby establishes a primary system.

FIG. 1A also shows a plurality of secondary usage nodes Sn₁, Sn₂, Sn₃ and Sn₄ located inside the cell 10. Those secondary usage nodes operate a second communication service by using a part or whole of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service (i.e. by making secondary usage of the spectrum) in accordance with a predetermined spectrum policy and thereby establishes a secondary system. The second communication service may be a radio communication service that is implemented in conformity with an arbitrary radio communication protocol such as IEEE802.11a/b/g/n/s, Zigbee or WiMedia, for example. A plurality of secondary systems may be established in a single cell, and, in the example of FIG. 1A, different secondary systems are established in an area 12 a, an area 12 b and an area 12 c inside the cell 10. Note that, although the primary usage node and the secondary usage node are described separately for the sake of clarity of explanation, a part of the primary usage node may operate as the secondary usage node.

When the second communication service is operated inside the cell 10 of the first communication service as shown in FIG. 1A, there is a possibility that radio signals transmitted for the second communication service interfere with the first communication service. The example of FIG. 1A shows the possibility that radio signals transmitted from the secondary usage nodes Sn₁, Sn₂ and Sn₃ interfere with an uplink signal transmitted from the primary usage node Pn₂ to the primary usage node Pn₁. In this case, there is a possibility that the primary usage node Pn₁ fails to normally receive the uplink signal, or, even if it receives it, fails to obtain the desired service quality.

In FIG. 1B, just like FIG. 1A, the primary usage nodes Pn₁ and Pn₂ are located inside the cell 10 of the first communication service, and the primary usage node Pn₁ serving as a base station provides the first communication service to the primary usage node Pn₂ serving as a terminal device. Further, the secondary usage nodes Sn₁, Sn₂, Sn₃ and Sn₄ are shown inside the cell 10 of the first communication service. The example of FIG. 1B shows the possibility that radio signals transmitted from the secondary usage nodes Sn₁, Sn₂, Sn₃ and Sn₄ interfere with a downlink signal transmitted from the primary usage node Pn₁ to the primary usage node Pn₂. In this case, there is a possibility that the primary usage node Pn₂ fails to normally receive the downlink signal, or, even if it receives it, fails to obtain the desired service quality.

One solution to prevent such interference by secondary usage of a spectrum and avoid an adverse effect such as degradation of communication quality on the first communication service is to reduce a transmission power that is used for transmission of radio signals from the secondary usage nodes. On the other hand, reduction of a transmission power leads to a decrease in the capacity of the second communication service and degradation of communication quality. Therefore, it is effective to increase a transmission power for the second communication service as much as possible within the range that does not cause interference on the first communication service. Thus, a relationship between interference on the first communication service due to secondary usage of a spectrum and a transmission power used in the secondary usage nodes is described hereinbelow.

[1-2. Description of Interference Control Model]

Focusing attention on one-to-one relationship between the secondary usage node on the part of giving interference due to secondary usage and the primary usage node on the part of receiving interference (which is referred to hereinafter as an interfered node), it is necessary to satisfy the following relational expression (1) in order for the interference to be accepted in the interfered node. Note that the interfered node can correspond to the primary usage node Pn₁ in FIG. 1A or the primary usage node Pn₂ in FIG. 1B, for example.

$\begin{matrix} {{SINR}_{required} \leq \frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},\;{primary}}}{P_{{rx\_ primary},\;{secondary}} + N_{primary}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(1)} \end{matrix}$

In the above expression, SINR_(required) indicates the minimum SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) that is required in the interfered node. SINR_(required) may be the minimum receiving sensitivity of the interfered node, the minimum SINR given according to QoS (Quality of Service) or the like, for example. Further, P_(rx_primary,primary) indicates the reception level of a radio signal that is required in the first communication service, and P_(rx_primary,secondary) indicates the reception level of a radio signal that is transmitted from the secondary usage node in the interfered node. Further, N_(primary) indicates the interference or noise level (including one or both of the interference level and the noise level) that can be applied to the interfered node.

Further, the reception level of a radio signal is represented by the transmission power of a radio signal and the path loss as shown in the following relational expressions (2) and (3). P _(rx_primary,secondary) =P _(tx_secondary) /L _(path_tx_secondary)  Expression (2) P _(rx_primary,primary) =P _(tx_primary) /L _(path_tx_primary)  Expression (3)

In the above expression, P_(tx_secondary) indicates the transmission power of a radio signal in the secondary usage node, and L_(path_tx_secondary) indicates the path loss on the communication path from the secondary usage node to the interfered node. Further, P_(tx_primary) indicates the transmission power of a radio signal in the first communication service, and L_(path_tx_primary) indicates the path loss on the communication path of a radio signal in the first communication service. Thus, the above relational expression (1) is deformed into the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {{SINR}_{required} \leq \frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},\;{primary}}}{{P_{tx\_ secondary}/L_{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}}} + N_{primary}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(4)} \end{matrix}$

Note that the interference or noise level N_(primary) included in the expression (1) and the expression (4) can be calculated by the following expression, for example, with use of the Boltzmann constant k=1.38×10⁻²³[J/K], the absolute temperature T[K], the noise figure NF and the bandwidth BW[Hz]. N _(primary) =I _(primary)+10^(10log) ¹⁰ ^((kT)+NF+10log) ¹⁰ ^((BW))  Expression (5)

In the above expression, I_(primary) may include inter-cell interference in the first communication service, intra-cell interference in a heterogeneous environment where a femtocell, a small cell or a relay node is overlaid by a macrocell, interference by out-of-band radiation or the like. Further, the path loss on the communication path of a radio signal typically depends on the distance d between two nodes, and it can be calculated by the following expression, for example.

$\begin{matrix} {{L_{path}(d)} = 10^{\frac{{- 10} - {\log_{10}{(\frac{\lambda}{4\;\pi\; d_{o}})}}^{2} + {10\; n\;{\log_{10}{(\frac{d}{d_{0}})}}}}{10}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(6)} \end{matrix}$

In the above expression, d₀ indicates the reference distance, λ indicates the wavelength of a carrier frequency, and n indicates the propagation constant.

The relational expression (4) is further deformed into the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {P_{tx\_ secondary} \leq {\left( {\frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},{primary}}}{{SINR}_{required}} - N_{primary}} \right) \cdot L_{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(7)} \end{matrix}$

If the transmission power of the secondary usage node is controlled so as to satisfy the relational expression (7), the interference can be accepted in the interfered node at least concerning the one-to-one relationship between the secondary usage node and the interfered node. Further, when a plurality of secondary usage nodes exist, it is needed to satisfy the following relational expression if the total number of secondary usage nodes acting as the source of interference is n.

$\begin{matrix} {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( \frac{P_{{tx\_ secondary}\;,i}}{L_{{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}},i}} \right)} \leq {\frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},{primary}}}{{SINR}_{required}} - N_{primary}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(8)} \end{matrix}$

Consequently, on the assumption that the largest possible capacity or the highest possible communication quality should be obtained in the second communication service as well, the interference power level I_(acceptable) which is acceptable for the second communication service as a whole is given by the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( \frac{P_{{tx\_ secondary}\;,i}}{L_{{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}},i}} \right)} = {\frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},{primary}}}{{SINR}_{required}} - {N_{primary}\left( {= I_{acceptable}} \right)}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(9)} \end{matrix}$

Herein, since the parameters in the right-hand member of the expression (9) and the value of the path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i) are known, only the transmission power P_(tx_secondary,i) depending on the interference power level I_(acceptable) becomes a parameter to be determined. It may be understood that the expression (9) is an estimation formula to estimate the total sum of acceptable interference powers on the primary system due to secondary systems.

Specifically, as for a certain secondary usage node that makes secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service, it is desirable to control transmission powers of secondary usage nodes in such a way that the transmission powers satisfy the expression (9) as a whole.

[1-3. Comparison of Channels for Secondary Usage]

FIGS. 2A to 2D are diagrams to describe the effect of interference on the occasion of secondary usage, depending on a communication scheme and a channel direction used in the first communication service.

FIGS. 2A to 2D show a primary usage node Pn₁ serving as a base station and three primary usage nodes Pn₂, Pn₃ and Pn₄ serving as PUEs. The primary usage nodes Pn₁, Pn₂, Pn₃ and Pn₄ establish a primary system by using OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) in the examples of FIGS. 2A and 2B. The primary system in this case may be WiMAX (registered trademark) system, LTE (Long Term Evolution) system, LTE-A (LTE-Advanced) system or the like, for example. Further, the primary usage nodes Pn₁, Pn₂, Pn₃ and Pn₄ establish a primary system by using CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) in the examples of FIGS. 2C and 2D. The primary system in this case may be a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), W-CDMA (Wideband-CDMA) or the like, for example.

FIGS. 2A to 2D also show a secondary usage node Sn₁. The secondary usage node Sn₁ transmits and receives a radio signal (secondary signal) for the second communication service to and from another secondary usage node located in an area 12 a, which can cause interference on the primary usage nodes Pn₁, Pn₂, Pn₃ and Pn₄. The influential range of the interference depends on a communication scheme and a channel direction of the first communication service which is the target of secondary usage.

Referring first to FIG. 2A, when secondary usage is made on an uplink channel of the OFDMA system, interference can occur only on an uplink signal from any one PUE to the base station in the primary system. In the example of FIG. 2A, the secondary signal from the secondary usage node Sn₁ interferes with the uplink signal from the primary usage node Pn₂ to the primary usage node (base station) Pn₁. In this case, the uplink signals from the other PUEs are not affected by the secondary signal because they are allocated in advance to different resource blocks (or different frequency slots or time slots).

Referring next to FIG. 2B, when secondary usage is made on a downlink channel of the OFDMA system, interference can occur on downlink signals from the base station to the respective PUEs in the primary system. In the example of FIG. 2B, the secondary signal from the secondary usage node Sn₁ interferes with the downlink signals from the primary usage node (base station) Pn₁ to the primary usage nodes Pn₂, Pn₃ and Pn₄. This is because the downlink signals (e.g. signals of a control channel) can be transmitted by using a common resource block or the like to the plurality of PUEs.

Referring then to FIG. 2C, when secondary usage is made on an uplink channel of the CDMA system, interference can occur on uplink signals from the respective PUEs to the base station in the primary system. In the example of FIG. 2C, the secondary signal from the secondary usage node Sn₁ interferes with the uplink signals from the primary usage nodes Pn₂, Pn₃ and Pn₄ to the primary usage node (base station) Pn₁. Because the primary signals are typically spread to the entire band by using spread codes assigned to the respective PUEs and transmitted simultaneously in the CDMA system, the secondary signal can interfere with the primary signals from the plurality of PUEs.

Referring further to FIG. 2D, when secondary usage is made on a downlink channel of the CDMA system, interference can occur on downlink signals from the base station to the respective PUEs in the primary system. In the example of FIG. 2D, the secondary signal from the secondary usage node Sn₁ interferes with the downlink signals from the primary usage node (base station) Pn₁ to the primary usage nodes Pn₂, Pn₃ and Pn₄. This is because the downlink signals (e.g. signals of a control channel) can be received in common by the plurality of PUEs and because the primary signals are spread to the entire band and transmitted simultaneously as in the uplink channel of the CDMA system.

The influential range of interference and the technical requirements in the case of using the above-described four types of channels for secondary usage are summarized in the following table 1.

TABLE 1 Table 1. Influential range of interference and technical requirements Communication Channel direction scheme Uplink Downlink OFDMA Interfered BS Interfered UEs node node Interfered a UE −> BS Interfered BS −> UEs link link Functional UL Functional DL requirement synchronization requirement synchronization (Control channel identification) Minimum  −90 dBm Minimum  −90 dBm receiving receiving sensitivity sensitivity CDMA Interfered BS Interfered UE node node Interfered UEs −> BS Interfered BS −> UEs link link Functional Code detection Functional Code detection requirement requirement Minimum −120 dBm Minimum −120 dBm receiving receiving sensitivity sensitivity

Referring to the table 1, the influential range of interference is the smallest in the uplink channel of the OFDMA system as described above. Specifically, interfere can occur only on the link from one UE (“a UE”) to the base station when making secondary usage of an uplink channel of the OFDMA system, whereas interfere can occur on the links related to a plurality of UEs when making secondary usage of another channel. In terms of functional requirements, detection of the spread code is necessary for sensing of the primary signal in the CDMA system, whereas only UL (uplink) or DL (downlink) synchronization is necessary in the OFDMA system, so that the CDMA system can be implemented more readily. Further, the minimum receiving sensitivity is −120 dBm (in the case of UMTS) in the CDMA system, whereas it is −90 dBm (in the case of WiMAX) in the OFDMA system, for example, and it is less subject to interference in the OFDMA system. Thus, on the occasion of secondary usage of a spectrum, it is desired to make secondary usage of the spectrum of the uplink channel, particularly, in the spectrum of the first communication service that employs the OFDMA scheme. In light of this, an embodiment which is described later in this specification is based on the assumption that secondary usage is made on the uplink channel of the OFDMA system. Note, however, that the present invention is applicable to the downlink channel of the OFDMA system or channels using a communication system other than the OFDMA system.

[1-4. Study on Interference Between Second Communication Services]

Interference which secondary usage of a spectrum causes on the first communication service is described above. Hereinafter, interference between second communication services in the case where there are a plurality of second communication services that make secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service is described.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams to describe interference between second communication services. FIG. 3A shows an example in which second communication services are respectively operated in different adjacent cells. On the other hand, FIG. 3B shows an example in which two second communication services are operated in the same cell.

FIG. 3A shows a primary usage node Pn_(1d) which is a base station located inside a cell 10 d and a primary usage node Pn_(1e) which is a base station located inside a cell 10 e. Further, secondary usage nodes Sn_(1d) and Sn_(2d) and a secondary usage node Sn_(2e) are included inside the cell 10 d. Secondary usage nodes Sn_(1e) and Sn_(2e) and a secondary usage node Sn_(2d) are included inside the cell 10 e. The secondary usage nodes Sn_(1d) and Sn_(2d) operate the second communication service inside an area 12 d. Further, the secondary usage nodes Sn_(1e) and Sn_(2e) operate the second communication service inside an area 12 e.

When the first communication service employs the OFDMA scheme, for example, different frequencies are typically assigned as channel frequencies used between adjacent cells by interference avoidance algorithm between the adjacent cells. In the example of FIG. 3A, an uplink channel frequency of the cell 10 d is F1, and an uplink channel frequency of the cell 10 e is F2. Therefore, when the uplink channel of the OFDMA scheme is the target of secondary usage, the frequency used for communication between the secondary usage nodes Sn_(1d) and Sn_(2d) is F1, and the frequency used for communication between the secondary usage nodes Sn_(1e) and Sn_(2e) is F2. As a result, although the area 12 d and the area 12 e overlap with each other in the example of FIG. 3A, the secondary signals transmitted and received by the secondary usage nodes Sn_(2d) and Sn_(2e) that are located in the overlapping part do not interfere (or collide) with each other.

On the other hand, FIG. 3B shows a primary usage node Pn_(1d) which is a base station located inside a cell 10 d. Further, secondary usage nodes Sn_(1d) and Sn_(2d) and secondary usage nodes Sn_(1f) and Sn_(2f) are included inside the cell 10 d. The secondary usage nodes Sn_(1d) and Sn_(2d) operate the second communication service inside an area 12 d. Further, the secondary usage nodes Sn_(1f) and Sn_(2f) operate the second communication service inside an area 12 f. In this case, the frequency used for communication between the secondary usage nodes Sn_(1d) and Sn_(2d) and the frequency used for communication between the secondary usage nodes Sn_(1f) and Sn_(2f) are both F1. As a result, the secondary signals transmitted and received by the secondary usage node Sn_(2d) and the secondary usage node Sn_(2f) that are located in the part where the area 12 d and the area 12 f overlap with each other are likely to interfere with each other.

It is therefore understood that, when operating the second communication service by making secondary usage of the uplink channel of the OFDMA system, for example, in the spectrum assigned to the first communication service, it is desirable to give consideration to the existence of another second communication service at least in the same cell.

[1-5. Distribution of Transmission Powers Among Second Communication Services]

When the acceptable interference power of the second communication service is determined according to the above-described interference control model, if two or more second communication services exist in the same cell, it is necessary to further distribute a transmission power depending on the acceptable interference power among those second communication services. For example, in the case where a plurality of secondary usage nodes act as coordinators and start secondary usage of a spectrum, it is necessary to control their transmission powers so that the transmission powers of beacons that are transmitted from the respective coordinators satisfy the acceptable interference power as a whole. Further, the transmission power can be further distributed among the secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication services. As a guideline for distributing the transmission power, three rules, i.e. equal type, unequal type and interfering margin reduction type, are proposed.

(Equal Type)

The equal type is a distribution rule that equally allocates transmission powers depending on the acceptable interference power that is determined according to the above-described interference control model to two or more second communication services. In the equal type distribution rule, the value P_(tx_secondary,i) of the transmission power which is allocated to the i-th (i=1, . . . , n) second communication service among n-number of second communication services is derived from the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {{P_{{tx\_ secondary},i} = {\frac{1}{K} \cdot \left( {\frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},{primary}}}{{SINR}_{required}} - N_{primary}} \right)}},\mspace{20mu}{K = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\frac{1}{L_{{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}},i}}}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(10)} \end{matrix}$

The right side of the expression (10) is dividing the right side of the expression (9) by the factor K on the basis of path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i). Such a transmission power distribution rule equally provides the opportunity of communication to the coordinators of the respective second communication services, and it is fair and clear as a service from the user's point of view. However, the interference levels on the primary usage node caused by the respective secondary usage nodes are uneven. Note that, in the case of distributing the transmission power among the secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service, the value of n used to determine the factor K may be the total number of secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service instead of the total number of second communication services.

(Unequal Type)

The unequal type is a distribution rule that unequally allocates transmission powers depending on the acceptable interference power that is determined according to the above-described interference control model to two or more second communication services. In the unequal type distribution rule, the value P_(tx_secondary,i) of the transmission power depends on the distance between the secondary usage node and the interfered node and is derived from the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {P_{{tx\_ secondary},i} = {\frac{1}{n} \cdot \left( {\frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},{primary}}}{{SINR}_{required}} - N_{primary}} \right) \cdot L_{{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}},i}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(11)} \end{matrix}$

The right side of the expression (11) is assigning weights at the ratio of the path loss for each secondary usage node relative to the total sum of the path losses to the value obtained by dividing the right side of the expression (9) by the total number n of second communication services. With such a transmission power distribution rule, the secondary usage node that is more distant from the interfered node can gain larger opportunity of communication or communication distance. The entire communication range can be thereby maximized.

(Interfering Margin Reduction Type)

The interfering margin reduction type is a distribution rule that estimates the number of secondary usage nodes serving as the source of interference so as to include an extra number and thereby further reduces the possibility of causing interference on the primary usage node (i.e. provides “interference margin”). In the interfering margin reduction type distribution rule, the value P_(tx_secondary,i) of the transmission power is derived from the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {P_{{tx\_ secondary},i} = {\left( {\frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},{primary}}}{{SINR}_{required}} - N_{primary}} \right) \cdot {L_{{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}},i}/N_{estimation}}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(12)} \end{matrix}$

In the expression (12), N_(estimation) indicates the estimated total number of secondary usage nodes serving as the source of interference which is estimated inclusive of an extra number. For example, the value of N_(estimation) may be set so that the transmission power decreases by 10 [dB] if the total number of secondary usage nodes serving as the source of interference is 10, and the transmission power decreases by 20 [dB] if it is 100.

The features of the three transmission power distribution rules are summarized in the following table 2.

TABLE 2 Table 2. Features of transmission power distribution rules Equal type Communication opportunity is equally provided to respective communication services Fair and clear as service Interference levels on primary usage node are uneven Unequal type Larger communication opportunity or communication distance is obtained with distance from interfered node Entire communication range can be maximized Interfering Possibility of causing interference is further reduced by margin setting of interference margin reduction type Transmission power can be set autonomously by secondary usage node (coordinate) Communication opportunity or communication distance decreases with the estimated total number of interference sources

It should be noted that a node that distributes a transmission power may distribute the transmission power according to one rule that is previously selected among the above-described three transmission power distribution rules. Alternatively, a node that distributes a transmission power may distribute the transmission power by adaptively selecting the rule that consequently maximizes an evaluation value such as the sum of capacities given to all secondary usage nodes (or secondary usage nodes with a high priority) or the total number of established secondary links.

[1-6. Scope of Term “Secondary Usage” ]

In this specification, the term “secondary usage” typically means utilization of an additional or alternative communication service (a second communication service) using a part or whole of a spectrum assigned to a first communication service as described above. In this context about the meaning of the term “secondary usage”, the first communication service and the second communication service may be services of different types or the same type. The services of different types may be selected from services such as digital TV broadcasting service, satellite communication service, mobile communication service, wireless LAN access service, P2P (Peer To Peer) connection service and the like. On the other hand, services of the same type may contain, for example, a relationship between a service of macro-cell provided by a communication carrier and a service of femto-cell operated by users or MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator). Additionally, services of the same type may contain, for example, a relationship between a service provided by a base station of a communication service according to WiMAX, LTE (Long Term Evolution), LTE-A (LTE-Advanced) or the like and a service provided by relay station (relay node) to cover a spectrum hole. Further, a second communication service may be a service utilizing a plurality of fragmentary frequency bands aggregated using spectrum aggregation technology. Furthermore, a second communication service may be a supplementary communication service provided by femto-cells, relay stations or small or medium sized base stations for smaller service area than normal sized base stations within a service area of a normal sized base station. The subject matter of each embodiment described in this specification is applicable to every type of mode of such secondary usages.

In the foregoing, the proposed interference control model is described, and the main points of the relevant technical concerns are described sequentially. Based thereon, two embodiments of a transmission power control method for improving the capability of transmission power control on the occasion of secondary usage of a spectrum and suppressing interference on the primary system are described hereinbelow.

2. First Embodiment

[2-1. Overview of Communication System]

FIG. 4 is an explanatory view to describe an overview of a communication system according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a primary system 102 that operates a first communication service and secondary systems 202 a and 202 b that respectively operate second communication services. The primary system 102 includes a management node 100 and a plurality of primary usage nodes 104.

The management node 100 is a primary usage node that has a role to manage secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service. Although the management node 100 is a base station in the example of FIG. 4, the management node 100 is not limited thereto. Specifically, the management node 100 may be a primary usage node different from a base station, or it may be another node (e.g. a data server etc.) that is connected to a base station by wired or wireless means. In this embodiment, the management node 100 can gain access to a database 106 that stores location data indicating the locations of primary usage nodes included in the primary system 102.

The primary usage node 104 is a node that transmits and receives radio signals for the first communication service in the primary system 102. If the primary usage node 104 joins the primary system 102, location data indicating its location is registered into the database 106.

The database 106 is typically implemented as a geo-location database. In this embodiment, in response to a request from the management node 100, the database 106 outputs location data with respect to each primary usage node to the management node 100. Note that the database 106 may be integral with the management node 100 or it may be a separate unit from the management node 100.

On the other hand, the secondary system 202 a includes a terminal device 200 a and a plurality of secondary usage nodes 204 a. Likewise, the secondary system 202 b includes a terminal device 200 b and a plurality of secondary usage nodes 204 b.

The terminal devices 200 a and 200 b are secondary usage nodes that have a role of a coordinator (SSC: secondary spectrum coordinator) that operates to start secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service. Specifically, the terminal devices 200 a and 200 b determine the availability of secondary usage according to a predetermined spectrum policy, receive allocation of a transmission power from the management node 100, and start the second communication service with the secondary usage nodes 204 a or 204 b. The terminal devices 200 a and 200 b may operate as an engine for cognitive radio (CE: Cognitive Engine), for example.

The secondary usage nodes 204 a and 204 b are nodes that respectively transmit and receive radio signals for the second communication service in the secondary systems 202 a and 202 b, respectively.

In the following description, when there is no particular need to distinguish between the terminal devices 200 a and 200 b, they are referred to collectively as the terminal device 200 by eliminating the alphabetical letter affixed to the reference numeral. The same applies to the secondary systems 202 a and 202 b (the secondary system 202) and the secondary usage nodes 204 a and 204 b (the secondary usage node 204).

[2-2. Exemplary Configuration of Management Node]

(Description of Functional Blocks)

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of the management node 100 shown in FIG. 4. Referring to FIG. 5, the management node 100 includes a communication unit 110, a database input/output unit 120, a storage unit 130 and a control unit 140.

The communication unit 110 transmits and receives radio signals to and from the primary usage nodes 104 by using a communication interface that can include an antenna, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit or the like in accordance with a given communication scheme of the first communication service. Further, the communication unit 110 receives location data of the terminal device 200 from the terminal device 200 and outputs the received location data to the control unit 140 as described in further detail later.

The database input/output unit 120 mediates the access from the control unit 140 to the database 106. Specifically, in response to a request from the control unit 140, the database input/output unit 120 acquires location data indicating the location of the primary usage node 104 from the database 106, and outputs the acquired location data to the control unit 140. Further, if the database input/output unit 120 receives location data from the primary usage node 104 that newly joins the primary system 102 through the communication unit 110, it registers the location data into the database 106. Further, the database input/output unit 120 may acquire the location data stored in the database 106 in response to an inquiry from an external device and output the acquired location data.

The storage unit 130 stores programs and data to be used for the operation of each unit of the management node 100 by using a recording medium such as hard disk or semiconductor memory, for example. Further, in this embodiment, the storage unit 130 stores various parameters necessary for calculation of the transmission power according to the above-described interference control model. The parameters stored in the storage unit 130 may include a parameter related to the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service (e.g. a required radio signal reception level and a signal to interference and noise ratio) and a parameter related to the interference or noise level in the first communication service. Note that the values of those parameters may be updated dynamically. For example, the value of the required quality of radio signals can be updated dynamically according to the type of an application to be provided to the primary usage node. Further, for example, the value of the interference or noise level can be updated dynamically by sensing through the communication unit 110.

The control unit 140 controls the overall functions of the management node 100 by using a control device such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), for example. Further, in this embodiment, when the terminal device 200 makes secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service, the control unit 140 determines the acceptable transmission power for the second communication service according to the above-described interference control model. A transmission power determination process that is performed by the control unit 140 is described in further detail later. Further, when there are two or more second communication services, the control unit 140 distributes the determined transmission power to the two or more second communication services. A transmission power distribution process that is performed by the control unit 140 is described in further detail later. The control unit 140 then notifies the determined or distributed transmission power value to each terminal device 200 through the communication unit 110.

(Flow of Transmission Power Determination Process)

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power determination process that determines the acceptable transmission power for the second communication service by the control unit 140 of the management node 100.

Referring to FIG. 6, the control unit 140 first receives location data of the terminal device 200 from the terminal device 200 through the communication unit 110 (step S102). In this specification, the location data may include values of latitude and longitude measured by using the GPS functions or coordinate values with a point of origin at a given control point measured by applying the direction of arrival estimation algorithm or the like, for example. Further, the control unit 140 may receive not only location data of the terminal device 200 but also location data of each secondary usage node 204 from the terminal device 200.

Next, the control unit 140 acquires location data of the primary usage node from the database 106 through the database input/output unit 120. Further, the control unit 140 acquires necessary parameters from the storage unit 130 (step S104). Note that, in the case where secondary usage is made on the uplink channel of the OFDMA system as in the example shown in FIG. 2A, the interfered node is the base station only. In such a case, the control unit 140 acquires only the location data of the management node 100, which is the base station, as the location data of the primary usage node. Further, the necessary parameters in the step S104 correspond to the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service, the interference or noise level in the first communication service (or a parameter for calculating those levels) or the like, for example.

Then, the control unit 140 determines the acceptable interference power of the second communication service based on the location data and the parameters that are received in the step S102 and acquired in the step S104, respectively (step S106). Specifically, the control unit 140 can determine the acceptable interference power of the second communication service according to the expression (9) in the above-described interference control model, for example. For example, the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service corresponds to the term P_(rx_primary,primary)/SINR_(required) in the expression (9). Further, the interference or noise level corresponds to the term N_(Primary) in the expression (9). Further, the value of the path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i) in the expression (9) can be calculated according to the expression (6) by using the distance d that is derived from the location data of the primary usage node and the location data of each terminal device 200. Note that the control unit 140 may receive the value of each path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i) from the respective terminal devices 200 in the step S102 instead of calculating the value of each path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i) from the location data, for example. The value of the path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i) can be calculated as a difference between the transmission power value of a downlink signal from the base station and the reception level of the downlink signal in each terminal device 200.

Then, the control unit 140 determines whether it is necessary to distribute the value of the transmission power (step S108). For example, in the case where secondary usage is made by two or more terminal devices 200 as illustrated in FIG. 4, the control unit 140 determines that it is necessary to distribute the value of the transmission power among the two or more terminal devices 200. In this case, the process proceeds to the step S110 and the control unit 140 performs a transmission power distribution process (step S110). On the other hand, in the case where there is only one terminal device 200 that makes secondary usage and it is not necessary to distribute the value of the transmission power, the step S110 can be skipped.

After that, the control unit 140 notifies the value of the determined or distributed transmission power to each terminal device 200 through the communication unit 110 (step S112). Note that the control unit 140 may notify additional information such as a policy (e.g. a transmission spectrum mask, a modulation method etc.) to be complied with by the secondary usage node when making secondary usage of a spectrum, in addition to the value of the transmission power, to each terminal device 200. After that, the second communication service can be started between the terminal device 200 and each secondary usage node 204.

(Flow of Transmission Power Distribution Process)

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power distribution process by the control unit 140 of the management node 100 in the case where two or more terminal devices 200 exist, namely, where two or more second communication services are operated in the same cell.

Referring to FIG. 7, the control unit 140 first distributes the transmission power depending on the acceptable interference power that is determined in the step S106 of FIG. 6 according to the first rule (step S202). Next, the control unit 140 distributes the transmission power depending on the acceptable interference power same as in the step S202 according to the second rule (step S204). The first rule and the second rule may be the above-described equal type transmission power distribution rule and the unequal type transmission power distribution rule, respectively, for example.

Then, the control unit 140 evaluates the transmission power distributed according to the first rule and the transmission power distributed according to the second rule by predetermined evaluation criteria (step S206). The predetermined evaluation criteria may be the total capacity that is provided to all terminal devices 200 in the end, for example. In this case, the total capacity C can be evaluated according to the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {C = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}C_{i}} = {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( {\log_{2}\left( {1 + \frac{P_{{tx\_ secondary},i}}{N_{i}}} \right)} \right)}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(13)} \end{matrix}$

In the above expression, P_(tx_secondary,i) indicates the transmission power distributed to the i-th terminal device 200, and N_(i) indicates the noise level of the i-th terminal device 200.

Further, in the expression (13), the control unit 140 may count only the terminal devices 200 with a high priority, out of the n-number of terminal devices 200, for calculating the total capacity. The priority can be assigned depending on the type, contents or the like of the second communication service, for example. For example, a high priority can be assigned to the service for which small delay is needed, such as motion picture delivery or network game, for example. Further, a high priority can be assigned to the service to which high service charge is set so as to ensure a certain service quality. Then, the priority can be received together with the location data of the terminal device 200 in the step S102 of FIG. 6, for example.

Further, the control unit 140 may evaluate the total number of links of the second communication services that can be established by using the distributed transmission powers in the step S206 instead of evaluating the capacity as in the expression (13). In this case, the control unit 140 first determines whether each pair of secondary usage nodes which desire for communication can establish communication according to the transmission powers distributed to the respective terminal devices 200. Then, the number of links determined that communication can be established is counted as the total number of links of the second communication services.

Then, the control unit 140 determines which of the first rule and the second rule is more appropriate by comparing the capacity or the total number of links evaluated in the step S206 (step S208). For example, when the transmission powers distributed according to the first rule can achieve the larger capacity than the transmission powers distributed according to the second rule, the control unit 140 can determine that the first rule is more appropriate. Further, when the transmission powers distributed according to the second rule can achieve the larger capacity than the transmission powers distributed according to the first rule, the control unit 140 can determine that the second rule is more appropriate. When it is determined that the first rule is more appropriate, the process proceeds to the step S210. On the other hand, when it is determined that the second rule is more appropriate, the process proceeds to the step S212.

In the step S210, the transmission powers distributed according to the first rule that is determined to be more appropriate are allocated to the respective terminal devices 200 (step S210). On the other hand, in the step S212, the transmission powers distributed according to the second rule that is determined to be more appropriate are allocated to the respective terminal devices 200 (step S212). After that, the transmission power distribution process shown in FIG. 7 ends.

Note that the case where the first rule and the second rule that can respectively correspond to the equal type and the unequal type are evaluated in terms of the capacity or the number of links that can be established is particularly described above. However, it is not limited thereto, and the transmission power distribution rules other than the equal type and the unequal type may be adopted. Further, three or more transmission power distribution rules may be evaluated.

[2-3. Exemplary Configuration of Terminal Device]

(Description of Functional Blocks)

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of the terminal device 200 shown in FIG. 4. Referring to FIG. 8, the terminal device 200 includes a first communication unit 210, a second communication unit 220, a storage unit 230 and a control unit 240. In this embodiment, the terminal device 200 can communicate with the management node 100 through the first communication unit 210 and also transmit and receive radio signals for the second communication service through the second communication unit 220.

The first communication unit 210 communicates with the management node 100 in accordance with a given communication scheme. A channel used for communication between the first communication unit 210 and the management node 100 may be a cognitive pilot channel (CPC), which is a control channel, for example. The CPC may include an inbound CPC in which CPC information is extrapolated in an existing communication system (e.g. the primary system 102) or an outbound CPC which is a dedicated channel in which CPC information is interpolated, for example.

For example, the first communication unit 210 transmits location data indicating the location of its own device to the management node 100 in response to an instruction (an instruction operation by a user or a request from another node) for start of secondary usage of a spectrum or the like. After that, the first communication unit 210 receives the value of the acceptable transmission power which is determined according to the above-described technique from the management node 100 and outputs it to the control unit 240.

The second communication unit 220 transmits and receives radio signals to and from the secondary usage node 204 in accordance with a given communication scheme. For example, when the terminal device 200 operates as the coordinator of the second communication service, the second communication unit 220 first performs sensing of radio signals of the first communication service and achieves synchronization of the uplink channel. Then, the second communication unit 220 transmits a beacon to the secondary usage nodes 204 in the nearby vicinity on a regular basis by using the synchronized uplink channel. The transmission power used by the second communication unit 220 is limited to the range that does not cause substantial interference on the primary usage node under control of the control unit 240.

Note that, when the communication link between the first communication unit 210 and the management node 100 is a radio link, the first communication unit 210 and the second communication unit 220 may share the physically identical communication interface that can include an antenna, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit or the like. The communication link between the first communication unit 210 and the management node 100 is called a backhaul link in some cases.

The storage unit 230 stores programs and data to be used for the operation of each unit of the terminal device 200 by using a recording medium such as hard disk or semiconductor memory, for example. Further, in this embodiment, the storage unit 230 stores various parameters for operation of the second communication service and control of the transmission power. The parameters stored in the storage unit 230 may include the location data of its own device (and other secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service according to need), the acceptable transmission power notified from the management node 100, a spectrum mask, a modulation method or the like, for example.

The control unit 240 controls the overall functions of the terminal device 200 by using a control device such as a CPU, for example. For example, in this embodiment, the terminal device 240 controls the value of the transmission power used for transmission of radio signals by the second communication unit 220 within the range of the acceptable transmission power notified from the management node 100.

(Flow of Transmission Power Control Process)

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power control process by the terminal device 200.

Referring to FIG. 9, upon detection of an instruction for start of secondary usage, for example, the first communication unit 210 transmits the location data of the terminal device 200 to the management node 100 (step S302). In this step, not only the location data of the terminal device 200 but also the location data of other secondary usage nodes 204 may be transmitted to the management node 100.

Next, the first communication unit 210 receives the value of the acceptable transmission power which is determined according to the above-described interference control model from the management node 100 (step S304). In this step, additional information such as a transmission spectrum mask or a modulation method can be received in addition to the acceptable transmission power, for example.

Then, the control unit 240 starts the second communication service by controlling the transmission power used by the second communication unit 220 so as to be within the range of the acceptable transmission power that is received in the step 304 (step S306). Note that, when starting the second communication service, the control unit 240 may make a beacon transmitted from the terminal device 200 to the nearby secondary usage nodes include the value of the acceptable transmission power allocated to the second communication service. The other secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service can thereby also adjust their transmission powers so as not to cause substantial interference on the primary usage node.

[2-4. Summary of First Embodiment]

The first embodiment of the present invention is described above with reference to FIGS. 4 to 9. In this embodiment, transmission powers allocated to the second communication service that makes secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service is determined by the management node 100, which is the primary usage node that can access to the database 106, depending on the acceptable interference power determined according to the above-described interference control model. Then, the determined transmission powers are notified from the management node 100 to terminal devices 200, which are the secondary usage nodes acting as the coordinator of the second communication services. The terminal devices 200 can thereby make adaptive control of the transmission power to be used for a second communication service so that interference on the primary system 102 is within the acceptable level.

Further, according to the above-described interference control model, a transmission power is determined so that interference on the interfered node is within the acceptable level based on the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service, the interference or noise level in the first communication service, and the path loss on the communication path about one or more secondary usage nodes. It is thereby possible to eliminate (or at least reduce) the possibility that it becomes difficult to receive a primary signal locally in a certain primary usage node.

Further, the path loss on the communication path mentioned above can be calculated dynamically based on the location of the primary usage node and the location of the secondary usage node. Therefore, even when the location of the terminal device 200 changes, it is possible to determine the transmission power in an adaptive manner so that interference on the interfered node is within the acceptable level.

Further, according to the embodiment, in the case where two or more second communication services are operated, the transmission power depending on the acceptable interference power determined according to the above-described interference control model is distributed among the respective second communication services according to the more appropriate rule between the first rule and the second rule. The first rule and the second rule may be the equal type distribution rule and the unequal type distribution rule described above, for example. The equal type distribution rule can distribute the opportunity of communication (the capacity, the number of communication links etc.) in a fair and clear manner from the user's point of view. Further, the unequal type distribution rule can distribute the transmission power so as to maximize the communication range as a whole because a higher transmission power is allocated to the secondary usage node that is more distant from the interfered node.

Furthermore, the more appropriate rule between the first rule and the second rule may be the rule with which the total capacity that is achieved in the end by using the allocated transmission powers is larger, for example. In this case, it is possible to maximize the capacity that is effectively utilized by secondary usage of a spectrum.

Further, the more appropriate rule between the first rule and the second rule may be the rule with which the total capacity related to the second communication services with a high priority is larger in the capacity that is achieved in the end by using the allocated transmission powers, for example. In this case, it is possible to selectively increase the capacity by secondary usage of a spectrum so as to particularly satisfy the requirements of each application, the QoS requirements agreed by a user or the like.

Further, the more appropriate rule between the first rule and the second rule may be the rule with which the number of links that can be established in the end by using the allocated transmission powers is larger, for example. In this case, it is possible to maximize the number of users who can gain the opportunity of communication by secondary usage of a spectrum.

Note that, in this embodiment, the case where the transmission power used in the second communication service is controlled at the start of the second communication service is described. However, the processes shown in FIGS. 6, 7, and 9 may be executed after the start of the second communication service, e.g. when the secondary usage node is moved or when the number of secondary usage nodes is changed, for example.

Further, the case where secondary usage is made on the uplink channel of the first communication service, i.e. when only the base station of the first communication service is taken into consideration as an interfered node is described in this embodiment. However, the present invention is applicable to the case where a plurality of interfered nodes exist as a matter of course.

3. Second Embodiment

In the first embodiment of the present invention, transmission powers allocated to the second communication service is determined by the primary usage node (management node) which is accessible to the database that stores the location data of the primary usage node. This is a passive technique from the viewpoint of the terminal device (UE) that makes secondary usage. On the other hand, the terminal device that makes secondary usage may acquire necessary parameters and determine the acceptable transmission power for the second communication service in an active manner. In this section, a case where the terminal device that makes secondary usage actively determines the acceptable transmission power is described as a second embodiment of the present invention.

[3-1. Overview of Communication System]

FIG. 10 is an explanatory view to describe an overview of a communication system according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows a primary system 302 that operates a first communication service and secondary systems 402 a and 402 b that respectively operate second communication services. The primary system 302 includes a management node 300 and a plurality of primary usage nodes 104.

The management node 300 is a primary usage node that has a role to manage secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service. Although the management node 300 is a base station in the example of FIG. 10, the management node 300 is not limited thereto. In this embodiment, the management node 300 can gain access to a database 106 that stores location data indicating the locations of primary usage nodes that are included in the primary system 302.

On the other hand, the secondary system 402 a includes a terminal device 400 a and a plurality of secondary usage nodes 204 a. Likewise, the secondary system 402 b includes a terminal device 400 b and a plurality of secondary usage nodes 204 b.

The terminal devices 400 (400 a and 400 b) are secondary usage nodes that have a role of a coordinator (SSC) that operates to start secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service. Specifically, the terminal devices 400 determine the availability of secondary usage according to a predetermined spectrum policy, determines the acceptable transmission power by acquiring necessary parameters from the management node 300, and then starts the second communication services with the secondary usage nodes 204. The terminal devices 400 may operate as an engine for cognitive radio (CE), for example.

[3-2. Exemplary Configuration of Management Node]

FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of the management node 300 shown in FIG. 10. Referring to FIG. 11, the management node 300 includes a communication unit 310, a database input/output unit 120, a storage unit 130 and a control unit 340.

The communication unit 310 transmits and receives radio signals to and from the primary usage nodes 104 by using a communication interface that can include an antenna, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit or the like in accordance with a given communication scheme of the first communication service. Further, the communication unit 310 transmits the location data of the primary usage nodes 104 stored in the database 106 and parameters to be used for determination of a transmission power stored in the database 106 or the storage unit 130 to the terminal device 400.

The control unit 340 controls the overall functions of the management node 300 by using a control device such as a CPU, for example. Further, in this embodiment, the control unit 340 transmits the above-described location data and parameters to be used when the terminal device 400 determines the acceptable transmission power according to the above-described interference control model to the terminal device 400 through the communication unit 310 (or another backhaul link). The location data and parameters may be transmitted on a regular basis by using a predetermined channel such as CPC, for example. Alternatively, the location data and parameters may be transmitted in response to a transmission request from the terminal device 400, for example.

[3-3. Exemplary Configuration of Terminal Device]

(Description of Functional Blocks)

FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of the terminal device 400 shown in FIG. 10. Referring to FIG. 12, the terminal device 400 includes a first communication unit 410, a second communication unit 220, a storage unit 430 and a control unit 440.

The first communication unit 410 receives radio signals containing the data and parameters transmitted from the management node 300 in accordance with a given communication scheme. A channel used for communication between the first communication unit 410 and the management node 300 may be the above-described CPC, which is a control channel, for example.

Specifically, the first communication unit 410 attempts to receive the data and parameters to be used for determination of a transmission power from the management node 300 in response to an instruction for start of secondary usage of a spectrum or the like, for example. The data and parameters to be used for determination of a transmission power include the location data of an interfered node, the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service, the interference or noise level in the first communication service or the like, for example. Further, the data to be used for determination of a transmission power may include location data indicating the locations of other secondary usage nodes. If the first communication unit 410 receives the data and parameters from the management node 300, it outputs the received data and parameters to the control unit 440. If, on the other hand, the first communication unit 410 fails to receive the necessary data and parameters for some reasons such as unsuitable signal reception environment, it provides notification to the control unit 440.

The storage unit 430 stores programs and data to be used for the operation of each unit of the terminal device 400 by using a recording medium such as hard disk or semiconductor memory, for example. Further, in this embodiment, the storage unit 430 stores various parameters for determination of a transmission power for the second communication service and control of the transmission power. The parameters stored in the storage unit 430 may include the location data of its own device (and other secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service according to need), the parameters received from the management node 300 through the first communication unit 410 or the like, for example.

The control unit 440 controls the overall functions of the terminal device 400 by using a control device such as a CPU, for example. For example, in this embodiment, when making secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service, the control unit 440 determines the acceptable transmission power for the second communication service depending on the determined acceptable interference power according to the above-described interference control model. If the control unit 440 fails to receive radio signals from the management node 300 and is thus unable to acquire the latest location data of the primary usage node and necessary parameters, it determines the acceptable transmission power by counting in the margin for reducing the possibility that causes interference on the primary usage node. The transmission power determination process is described in detail later. Then, the control unit 440 controls the value of the transmission power to be used for transmission of radio signals by the second communication unit 220 to fall within the range of the determined acceptable transmission power.

(Flow of Transmission Power Determination Process)

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of a transmission power determination process for the control unit 440 to determine the acceptable transmission power for the second communication service.

Referring to FIG. 13, the control unit 440 first determines whether radio signals are receivable from the management node 300 through the first communication unit 410 (step S402). If radio signals from the management node 300 are receivable, the process proceeds to the step S404. If, on the other hand, radio signals from the management node 300 are not receivable, the process proceeds to the step S408.

In the step S404, the control unit 440 acquires the location data of the primary usage node serving as an interfered node that is received from the management node 300 through the first communication unit 410. Further, the control unit 440 acquires the parameters received from management node 300 in the same manner (step S404). Note that, in the case where secondary usage is made on the uplink channel of the OFDMA system as in the example shown in FIG. 2A, the interfered node is the base station only. In such a case, the control unit 440 acquires only the location data of the management node 300, which is the base station, as the location data of the primary usage node. Further, the necessary parameters in the step S404 correspond to the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service, the interference or noise level in the first communication service (or a parameter for calculating those levels) or the like, for example.

Then, the control unit 440 determines the transmission power depending on the acceptable interference power of the second communication service based on the location data and parameters received in the step S404 (step S406). Specifically, the control unit 440 can determine the transmission power depending on the acceptable interference power of the second communication service according to the expression (9) in the above-described interference control model, for example. For example, the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service corresponds to the term P_(rx_primary,primary)/SINR_(required) in the expression (9). Further, the interference or noise level corresponds to the term N_(Primary) in the expression (9). Further, the value of the path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i) in the expression (9) can be calculated according to the expression (6) by using the distance d that is derived from the location data of the primary usage node and the location data of the terminal device 400. Note that the control unit 440 may calculate the value of the path loss L_(path_tx_secondary,i) as a difference between the transmission power value of a downlink signal from the base station and the reception level of the downlink signal instead of calculating it from the location data. Further, when another second communication service exists, the control unit 440 may distribute the transmission power according to the expression (10) of the equal type or the expression (11) of the unequal type.

On the other hand, if radio signals from the management node 300 are not receivable, in the step S408, the control unit 440 acquires the location data and parameters for determining a transmission power from the storage unit 430 (step S408). For example, the control unit 440 may receive the location data of the interfered node and necessary parameters through the first communication unit 410 when communication with the management node 300 becomes available and store them into the storage unit 430 for later use. Further, when the types of the first communication service which is the target of secondary usage are limited to several candidates in advance, for example, a parameter indicating the quality of radio signals required in the first communication service may be stored as a default value in the storage unit 430.

Then, the control unit 440 determines the transmission power depending on the acceptable interference power of the second communication service based on the location data and parameters acquired in the step S408 (step S410). In this case, however, there is a possibility that the parameters used for determination of the transmission power are not the latest. Thus, the control unit 440 adds a given margin to the value of the transmission power so as to reduce the possibility that causes interference on the primary usage node. Specifically, the control unit 440 can determine the transmission power according to the expression (12) of the interfering margin reduction type described above, for example. The value of N_(estimation) in the expression (12) is determined to be inclusive of an extra number according to the number of secondary usage nodes 204 that possibly subscribe to the second communication service, for example.

After that, the transmission power determination process by the control unit 440 ends. Then, the second communication service is started between the terminal device 400 and the respective secondary usage nodes 204 by using the power level within the range of the determined acceptable interference power.

[3-4. Summary of Second Embodiment]

The second embodiment of the present invention is described above with reference to FIGS. 10 to 13. In this embodiment, the acceptable transmission power for the second communication service that makes secondary usage of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service is determined by the terminal device 400 which acts as the coordinator of the second communication service according to the above-described interference control model. The terminal device 400 can thereby determine the transmission power to be used for the second communication service in an active manner and control the transmission power so as to suppress interference on the primary system 302.

Further, if the control unit 440 fails to receive radio signals from the management node 300 and is thus unable to acquire the latest location data of the primary usage node, the range of the transmission power is determined by counting in the margin for reducing the possibility that causes interference on the primary usage node. The terminal device 400 can thereby start secondary usage of a spectrum autonomously and safely even when the terminal device 400 is located in the area where signal receiving conditions are relatively unsuitable due to shadowing (shielding), fading or the like.

Further, with the technique of the above-described interfering margin reduction type, the margin is determined according not to the actual number of secondary usage nodes, but to an assumed value that is estimated inclusive of an extra number. It is thereby possible to prevent degradation of the quality of the first communication service even when the number of secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service increases within an expected range.

4. Third Embodiment

In the first embodiment, the acceptable transmission power for secondary usage is determined by the management node in a passive way from the viewpoint of the terminal device that makes secondary usage of a spectrum. Further, in the second embodiment, the acceptable transmission power for secondary usage is determined by the terminal device acting as a coordinator of secondary usage in an active way from the viewpoint of the terminal device that makes secondary usage of a spectrum. By making secondary usage of a spectrum within the range of the acceptable transmission power determined by any or those techniques, interference occurring in the primary usage node is suppressed. Further, in order to optimize the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage of a spectrum within the range of the limited transmission power, it is desirable that the transmission power is allocated adaptively to the secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service as well. In this section, an example of transmission power control that allocates the transmission power adaptively to the secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service is described as a third embodiment of the present invention.

[4-1. Overview of Secondary System]

FIG. 14 is an explanatory view to describe an overview of a secondary system 602 in which a transmission power is allocated adaptively to secondary usage nodes in the third embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 14, the secondary system 602 includes a terminal device 600 and a plurality of terminal devices 604.

The terminal device 600 is a secondary usage node that has a role of a coordinator (SSC) that operates to start secondary usage of a spectrum. The terminal device 600 starts the second communication service by using a part or whole of the spectrum assigned to the first communication service that is provided from a base station 100 (or a base station 300) shown in FIG. 4, for example. At the same time, the terminal device 600 receives the value of the acceptable transmission power that is determined by using the technique described in the first embodiment from the base station 100, for example. Alternatively, the terminal device 600 may acquire parameters necessary for determining the acceptable transmission power from the base station 300 and determine the value of the acceptable transmission power by itself by using the technique described in the second embodiment, for example. A specific configuration of the terminal device 600 is described in further detail later.

On the other hand, the terminal devices 604 are secondary usage nodes that subscribe to the second communication service and communicate with each other. If the terminal device 604 subscribes to the second communication service, it transmits and receives a radio signal (secondary signal) for the second communication service by using the transmission power allocated by the terminal device 600.

[4-2. Exemplary Configuration of Terminal Device Acting as Coordinator]

FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing an example of a logical configuration of the terminal device 600 shown in FIG. 14. Referring to FIG. 15, the terminal device 600 includes a first communication unit 210, a second communication unit 620, a storage unit 230 and a control unit 640.

The first communication unit 210 transmits location data indicating the location of its own device to the base station 100 in response to an instruction for start of secondary usage of a spectrum or the like and receives the value of the acceptable transmission power for secondary usage, for example, just like in the first embodiment. The first communication unit 210 then outputs the received value of the acceptable transmission power to the control unit 640. Alternatively, the first communication unit 210 may receive necessary parameters for determining the acceptable transmission power and output them to the control unit 640.

The second communication unit 620 transmits and receives radio signals to and from the secondary usage node 604 in accordance with a given communication scheme. For example, the second communication unit 620 first performs sensing of radio signals of the first communication service and achieves synchronization of the uplink channel. Then, the second communication unit 620 transmits a beacon to the secondary usage nodes 604 in the nearby vicinity on a regular basis by using the synchronized uplink channel. The transmission power used by the second communication unit 620 is limited to the range of the acceptable transmission power received by the first communication unit 210, i.e. the range that does not cause substantial interference on the primary usage node, under control of the control unit 640.

The control unit 640 controls the overall functions of the terminal device 600 by using a control device such as a CPU, for example. Further, in this embodiment, the control unit 640 adaptively allocates the transmission power to be used for transmitting secondary signals by the secondary usage nodes 604 that subscribe to the second communication service in such a way that the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage is optimized within the range of the acceptable transmission power.

Specifically, the control unit 640 can allocate the transmission power to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 in consideration of the communication quality in the secondary usage nodes 604 included in the secondary system 602, for example. When one of the secondary usage nodes 604 is regarded as an interfered node, it is necessary to satisfy the following relational expression (14) in order for the interference to be accepted in the interfered node.

$\begin{matrix} {{SINR}_{{i\_ required}{\_ secondary}} \leq \frac{P_{{{i\_ rx}{\_ secondary}},{{j\_ tx}{\_ secondary}}}}{\left( {I_{i,{primary}} + I_{i,{{k{({{k \neq i},{k \neq j}})}}{\_ tx}{\_ secondary}}}} \right) + N_{i}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(14)} \end{matrix}$

In the above expression, SINR_(i_required_secondary) indicates the minimum SINR that is required in the i-th secondary usage node, which is the interfered node. SINR_(i_required_secondary) may be the minimum receiving sensitivity of the i-th secondary usage node, the minimum SINR given according to QoS or the like, for example. Further, P_(i_rx_secondary,j_tx_secondary) indicates the reception level that is required for secondary signals transmitted from the j-th secondary usage node to the i-th secondary usage node. Further, I_(i,primary) indicates the interference level by radio signals of the first communication service, I_(i,k(k≠i,k≠j)_tx_secondary) indicates the interference level by secondary signals from other secondary usage nodes which are not the i-th or i-th secondary usage node (i.e. which are not relevant to the desired communication link). Further, N_(i) indicates the noise or interference level applicable to the i-th secondary usage node. Note that the interference level I_(i,k(k≠i,k≠j)_tx_secondary) by secondary signals from the secondary usage nodes which are not relevant to the desired communication link can be calculated by subtracting the total sum of the path losses regarding such secondary usage nodes from the total sum of the transmission powers of those secondary usage nodes.

Focusing attention on the interference level I_(i,k(k≠i,k≠j)_tx_secondary) from the secondary usage nodes which are not relevant to the desired communication link, the expression (14) is deformed into the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {I_{i,{{k{({{k \neq i},{k \neq j}})}}{\_ tx}{\_ secondary}}} \leq {\frac{P_{{{i\_ rx}{\_ secondary}},{{j\_ tx}{\_ secondary}}}}{{SINR}_{{i\_ required}{\_ secondary}}} - \left( {I_{i,{primary}} + N_{i}} \right)}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(15)} \end{matrix}$

On the other hand, the total interference level I_(i) from the secondary usage nodes other than the transmission source node of secondary signals (the j-th secondary usage node) which occurs in the interfered node (the i-th secondary usage node) can be represented by the following expression. Note that n in the expression (16) is the total number of secondary usage nodes serving as the source of interference.

$\begin{matrix} {I_{i} = {\sum\limits_{k = {1{({{k \neq i},{k \neq j}})}}}\left( {P_{{tx\_ secondary},k}/L_{{path\_ secondary},k}} \right)}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(16)} \end{matrix}$

Thus, assuming a plurality of secondary usage nodes, the transmission power P_(tx_secondary,k) of each secondary usage node is determined in such a way that the total interference level I_(i) which is calculated by using the expression (16) is within the range that does not exceeds the upper limit of the right side of the expression (15). For example, when the transmission power of each secondary usage node is maximized to the extent possible, the total interference level I_(i) in the i-th secondary usage node is a value given by the following expression.

$\begin{matrix} {I_{i} = {\frac{P_{{{i\_ rx}{\_ secondary}},{{j\_ tx}{\_ secondary}}}}{{SINR}_{{i\_ required}{\_ secondary}}} - \left( {I_{i,{primary}} + N_{i}} \right)}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(17)} \end{matrix}$

Therefore, the control unit 640 adaptively controls the transmission power of each secondary usage node 604 so as to make the transmission powers of the secondary usage nodes 604 satisfy the acceptable interference power level for the secondary system 602, as well as to satisfy the expression (14) or the expression (15) for the largest possible number of secondary usage nodes 604. A specific flow of a transmission power control process is described hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 16 to 20.

[4-3. Example of Transmission Power Control Process]

(Scenario 1)

FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing an example of a flow of the transmission power control process by the control unit 640.

Referring to FIG. 16, the control unit 640 first acquires the value of the acceptable interference power P_(acc_total) that is accepted for the secondary system 602 (step S602). The value of the acceptable interference power P_(acc_total) may be acquired based on a transmission power determined by the technique described in the first embodiment, for example, according to the above-described interference control model and on a path loss. Alternatively, the control unit 640 may acquire parameters necessary for determining the acceptable interference power and determine the acceptable interference power P_(acc_total) by itself by using the parameters.

Next, the control unit 640 acquires the value P_(tx_secondary,k) of a required transmission power for each secondary usage node 604 (step S604). The value of the required transmission power may be determined by the control unit 640 according to the minimum receiving sensitivity of each secondary usage node 604 or the minimum SINR based on QoS, for example. Alternatively, the control unit 640 may acquire the value of the required transmission power for each secondary usage node 604 from the respective secondary usage nodes 604 through the second communication unit 620, for example. In the latter case, the value of the required transmission power can be transmitted from the respective secondary usage nodes 604 to the terminal device 600 by being included in a response signal to a beacon for the second communication service which is transmitted from the terminal device 600, for example.

Then, the control unit 640 calculates the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels on the basis of the required transmission power levels of the respective secondary usage nodes 604 which are acquired in the step S604 according to the following expression (step S606).

$\begin{matrix} {P_{req\_ total} = {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{n}\left( \frac{P_{{tx\_ secondary}\;,k}}{L_{{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}},k}} \right)}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(18)} \end{matrix}$

Then, the control unit 640 compares the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power which is acquired in the step S602 with the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the secondary usage nodes 604 which is calculated in the step S606 (step S608). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S610. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S612.

In the step S610, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels exceeds the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. Specifically, in this case, if the transmission power values as required are used in the respective secondary usage nodes 604, interference at the level that is not acceptable in the primary usage node is likely to occur. To avoid this, in this scenario, the control unit 640 excludes the secondary usage node 604 that causes a relatively high interference level on the other secondary usage nodes 604 from allocation of the transmission power, for example (step S610). The interference level caused on the other secondary usage nodes 604 can be calculated by using the transmission power of secondary signals and the path loss, for example. In this manner, by excluding any secondary usage node 604 from allocation of the transmission power, the total value P_(req_total) of the transmission powers is reduced, thereby preventing the occurrence of interference that is not acceptable in the primary usage node. Note that the control unit 640 may direct the secondary usage node 604 that is excluded from allocation of the transmission power to communicate in a different resource block (or a different frequency slot, time slot or code). After that, the process returns to the step S606, and calculation of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels and comparison with the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power are performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S612, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels does not exceed the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. Specifically, in this case, even if the transmission power values as required are used by the respective secondary usage nodes 604, the level of interference occurring in the primary usage node is within the acceptable range. Then, the control unit 640 further compares the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with a threshold Th that is set depending on the interference level occurring in each secondary usage node 604 (step S612). The threshold Th may be set according to the following expression in relation to the expression (14), for example.

$\begin{matrix} {{Th} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\left( \frac{P_{{tx\_ secondary}\;,i}}{L_{{{path\_ tx}{\_ secondary}},i}} \right)} = {\frac{P_{{rx\_ primary},{primary}}}{{SINR}_{required}} - N_{primary}}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(19)} \end{matrix}$

If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S614. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S616.

In the step S614, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is smaller than the threshold Th. Specifically, in this case, even if the transmission power that is larger than the required transmission power is used, there would be some allowance against the occurrence of interference that is not acceptable in the primary usage node and the secondary usage node 604. Thus, in order to increase the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage, the control unit 640 increases the transmission power corresponding to any secondary usage node 604 (step S614). The secondary usage node 604 whose transmission power is increased may be a node in which the priority of an application is high, a node in which a data rate can be improved with an increase in the transmission power, a node in which only a low data rate is obtained with the required transmission power or the like, for example. After that, the process returns to the step S612, and comparison of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the threshold Th is performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S616, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is equal to or larger than the threshold Th. Therefore, the control unit 640 decides that it allocates the value of each transmission power corresponding to each secondary usage node 604 at this point to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 as a definite transmission power value (S616). Then, the control unit 640 notifies the transmission power value to be allocated to each secondary usage node 604 to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 by using a control channel of the second communication service, for example.

By the above transmission power control process, the control unit 640 can adaptively allocate the transmission power to the secondary usage nodes 604 subscribing to the second communication service within the range of the acceptable transmission power for the secondary system 602. As a result, the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage of a spectrum is optimized.

It should be noted that, in the example of FIG. 16, the secondary usage node 604 that causes a relatively high interference level on the other secondary usage nodes 604 is excluded from allocation of the transmission power in the step S610. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and the secondary usage node 604 to be excluded from allocation of the transmission power may be selected according to conditions different from the example shown in FIG. 16 as described below.

(Scenario 2)

FIG. 17 is a flowchart showing another example of a flow of the transmission power control process by the control unit 640.

Referring to FIG. 17, the control unit 640 first acquires the value of the total transmission power P_(acc_total) that is accepted for the secondary system 602 from the base station 100, which is the management node, through the first communication unit 210 (step S622). Next, the control unit 640 acquires the value P_(tx_secondary,k) of the required transmission power for each secondary usage node 604 (step S624). Then, the control unit 640 calculates the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the respective secondary usage nodes 604 which are acquired in the step S624 according to the above expression (18) (step S626). Then, the control unit 640 compares the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power which is acquired in the step S622 with the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the secondary usage nodes 604 which is calculated in the step S626 (step S628). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S630. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S632.

In the step S630, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels exceeds the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. In this case, in this scenario, the control unit 640 excludes the secondary usage node 604 that causes a relatively high interference level on the primary usage node from allocation of the transmission power (step S630). After that, the process returns to the step S626, and calculation of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels and comparison with the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power are performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S632, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels does not exceed the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. Then, the control unit 640 further compares the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the above-described threshold Th depending on the interference level occurring in each secondary usage node 604 (step S632). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S634. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S636.

In the step S634, in order to increase the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage, the control unit 640 increases the transmission power corresponding to any secondary usage node 604 in the same manner as in the step S614 shown in FIG. 16 (step S634). After that, the process returns to the step S632, and comparison of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the threshold Th is performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S636, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is equal to or larger than the threshold Th. Therefore, the control unit 640 decides that it allocates the value of each transmission power corresponding to each secondary usage node 604 at this point to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 as a definite transmission power value (S636). Then, the control unit 640 notifies the transmission power value to be allocated to each secondary usage node 604 to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 by using a control channel of the second communication service, for example.

(Scenario 3)

FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing another example of a flow of the transmission power control process by the control unit 640.

Referring to FIG. 18, the control unit 640 first acquires the value of the total transmission power P_(acc_total) that is accepted for the secondary system 602 from the base station 100, which is the management node, through the first communication unit 210 (step S642). Next, the control unit 640 acquires the value P_(tx_secondary,k) of the required transmission power for each secondary usage node 604 (step S644). Then, the control unit 640 calculates the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the respective secondary usage nodes 604 which are acquired in the step S644 according to the above expression (18) (step S646). Then, the control unit 640 compares the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power which is acquired in the step S642 with the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the secondary usage nodes 604 which is calculated in the step S646 (step S648). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S650. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S652.

In the step S650, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels exceeds the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. In this case, in this scenario, the control unit 640 excludes the secondary usage node 604 in which the path loss in the path from the primary usage node is low (i.e. which is located close to the primary usage node) from allocation of the transmission power, for example (step S650). After that, the process returns to the step S646, and calculation of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels and comparison with the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power are performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S652, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels does not exceed the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. Then, the control unit 640 further compares the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the above-described threshold Th depending on the interference level occurring in each secondary usage node 604 (step S652). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S654. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S656.

In the step S654, in order to increase the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage, the control unit 640 increases the transmission power corresponding to any secondary usage node 604 in the same manner as in the step S614 shown in FIG. 16 (step S654). After that, the process returns to the step S652, and comparison of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the threshold Th is performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S656, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is equal to or larger than the threshold Th. Therefore, the control unit 640 decides that it allocates the value of each transmission power corresponding to each secondary usage node 604 at this point to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 as a definite transmission power value (S656). Then, the control unit 640 notifies the transmission power value to be allocated to each secondary usage node 604 to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 by using a control channel of the second communication service, for example.

(Scenario 4)

FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing another example of a flow of the transmission power control process by the control unit 640.

Referring to FIG. 19, the control unit 640 first acquires the value of the total transmission power P_(acc_total) that is accepted for the secondary system 602 from the base station 100, which is the management node, through the first communication unit 210 (step S662). Next, the control unit 640 acquires the value P_(tx_secondary,k) of the required transmission power for each secondary usage node 604 (step S664). Then, the control unit 640 calculates the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the respective secondary usage nodes 604 which are acquired in the step S664 according to the above expression (18) (step S666). Then, the control unit 640 compares the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power which is acquired in the step S662 with the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the secondary usage nodes 604 which is calculated in the step S666 (step S668). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S670. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S672.

In the step S670, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels exceeds the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. In this case, in this scenario, the control unit 640 excludes the secondary usage node 604 with a low priority from allocation of the transmission power, for example (step S670). The priority may be assigned according to the type of an application that is executed by using the second communication service, for example. For example, a high priority can be assigned to the application for which small delay is needed, such as motion picture delivery or network game. Further, a high priority can be assigned to the secondary usage node 604 of a user who pays high service charge so as to ensure a certain service quality. After that, the process returns to the step S666, and calculation of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels and comparison with the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power are performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S672, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels does not exceed the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. Then, the control unit 640 further compares the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the above-described threshold Th depending on the interference level occurring in each secondary usage node 604 (step S672). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S674. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S676.

In the step S674, in order to increase the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage, the control unit 640 increases the transmission power corresponding to any secondary usage node 604 in the same manner as in the step S614 shown in FIG. 16 (step S674). After that, the process returns to the step S672, and comparison of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the threshold Th is performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S676, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is equal to or larger than the threshold Th. Therefore, the control unit 640 decides that it allocates the value of each transmission power corresponding to each secondary usage node 604 at this point to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 as a definite transmission power value (S676). Then, the control unit 640 notifies the transmission power value to be allocated to each secondary usage node 604 to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 by using a control channel of the second communication service, for example.

In the examples of FIGS. 16 to 19 described above, when the total value of the interference power levels exceeds the value of the acceptable interference power, the secondary usage node to be excluded from allocation of the transmission power is determined according to the conditions related to the interference level caused on the other nodes, the path loss or the predefined priority. Further, the secondary usage node to be excluded from allocation of the transmission power may be determined by a combination of two ore more conditions of the above conditions as described hereinbelow, for example.

(Scenario 5)

FIG. 20 is a flowchart showing another example of a flow of the transmission power control process by the control unit 640.

Referring to FIG. 20, the control unit 640 first acquires the value of the total transmission power P_(acc_total) that is accepted for the secondary system 602 from the base station 100, which is the management node, through the first communication unit 210 (step S682). Next, the control unit 640 acquires the value P_(tx_secondary,k) of the required transmission power for each secondary usage node 604 (step S684). Then, the control unit 640 calculates the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the respective secondary usage nodes 604 which are acquired in the step S684 according to the above expression (18) (step S686). Then, the control unit 640 compares the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power which is acquired in the step S682 with the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels of the secondary usage nodes 604 which is calculated in the step S686 (step S688). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S690. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not larger than the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power, the process proceeds to the step S692.

In the step S690, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels exceeds the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. In this case, in this scenario, the control unit 640 first determines the secondary usage node 604 to be excluded according to each of the two or more conditions of a plurality of conditions (step S690). The plurality of conditions may be two or more conditions selected from the interference level caused on the other secondary usage nodes 604, the interference level caused on the primary usage node, the path loss on the communication path, and the priority assigned in advance to each secondary usage node 604, for example. Specifically, for example, the control unit 640 determines the secondary usage node 604 that causes a relatively high interference level on the other secondary usage nodes 604 as described above with reference to FIG. 16 and also determines the secondary usage node 604 that causes a relatively high interference level on the primary usage node as described above with reference to FIG. 17.

Then, the control unit 640 selects an exclusion condition by which the total capacity of the secondary system 602 is consequently maximized when the secondary usage node 604 is excluded according to each condition from the above-described two or more conditions (S691). The total capacity C_(secondary) of the secondary system 602 can be evaluated according to the following expression, for example.

$\begin{matrix} {C_{secondary} = {{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{n}C_{{secondary},k}} = {\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{n}\left( {\log_{2}\left( {1 + \frac{P_{{tx\_ secondary},k}}{N_{k}}} \right)} \right)}}} & {{Expression}\mspace{14mu}(20)} \end{matrix}$

In the above expression, P_(tx_secondary,k) indicates the transmission power of the k-th secondary usage node 604, and N k indicates the noise level of the k-th secondary usage node 604.

Then, the secondary usage node 604 that is determined according to the selected exclusion condition is excluded from allocation of the transmission power, and then the process returns to the step S686.

On the other hand, in the step S692, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels does not exceed the value P_(acc_total) of the acceptable interference power. Then, the control unit 640 further compares the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the above-described threshold Th depending on the interference level occurring in each secondary usage node 604 (step S692). If the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S694. On the other hand, if the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is not smaller than the threshold Th, the process proceeds to the step S696.

In the step S694, in order to increase the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage, the control unit 640 increases the transmission power corresponding to any secondary usage node 604 in the same manner as in the step S614 shown in FIG. 16 (step S694). After that, the process returns to the step S652, and comparison of the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels with the threshold Th is performed again.

On the other hand, in the step S696, the total value P_(req_total) of the interference power levels is equal to or larger than the threshold Th. Therefore, the control unit 640 decides that it allocates the value of each transmission power corresponding to each secondary usage node 604 at this point to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 as a definite transmission power value (S696). Then, the control unit 640 notifies the transmission power value to be allocated to each secondary usage node 604 to the respective secondary usage nodes 604 by using a control channel of the second communication service, for example.

Note that the transmission power control process described above with reference to FIGS. 16 to 20 may be executed at the start of the second communication service by the terminal device 600, for example. Further, the transmission power control process may be executed dynamically when the number of the secondary usage nodes 604 subscribing to the second communication service is changed or when the communication quality required by the secondary usage node 604 is changed, or may be executed on a regular basis at regular time intervals.

[4-4. Summary of Third Embodiment]

The third embodiment of the present invention is described above with reference to FIGS. 14 to 20. According to the embodiment, the transmission power to be used by each secondary usage node 604 is controlled by the terminal device 600 so that a total sum of interference power levels based on transmission powers is within the range of an acceptable interference power allocated to the second communication service. When the total sum of interference power is larger than the acceptable interference power, any secondary usage node 604 that is determined according to a given condition is excluded from allocation of the transmission power. In this configuration, it is possible to adaptively enhance the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage of a spectrum within the range of the limited transmission power for the secondary usage nodes 604 that are located in different communication environments or that require different communication qualities, for example.

Further, when the total sum of interference power levels is smaller than the acceptable interference power and a total sum of transmission powers is smaller than is smaller than a predetermined threshold depending on the interference level occurring in each secondary usage node 604, the transmission power allocated to any secondary usage node 604 is increased. It is thereby possible to efficiently make secondary usage within the range of the acceptable interference power without causing critical interference inside the secondary system 602.

Further, the condition for determining the secondary usage node 604 to be excluded from allocation of the transmission power when the total sum of interference power levels is larger than the acceptable interference power may be a condition according to the interference level caused on other nodes, the path loss, the predefined priority or the like, for example. Further, the secondary usage node 604 to be excluded from allocation of the transmission power may be determined by combining two or more conditions of those conditions. It is thereby possible to further optimize the opportunity of communication attained by secondary usage of a spectrum according to the purpose of a service, requirements, constraints or the like.

5. Application to TV Band

FIG. 21 is an explanatory view to describe an application of the above-mentioned first, second or third embodiment to TV band. In the example of FIG. 21, a primary usage node 900 is a broadcast station of TV broadcast (TV broadcaster). Primary usage nodes 910 a to 910 c are receiving station of TV broadcast. The primary usage node 900 provides a digital TV broadcast service on a frequency band F1 to the primary usage nodes 910 a to 910 c located inside the border 902 or 904. The inside area of the border 902 is a service area of the digital TV broadcast service. The shaded area between the border 902 and border 904 is a guard area where secondary usage of spectrum is restricted. Meanwhile, the area between the border 904 and border 906 is a TV white space. Secondary usage nodes 920 a to 920 c are located in this TV white space and operate second communication services on a frequency channel F3 which is different from the frequency band F1, for example. However, even if a guard band is set between the frequency band F1 for the first communication service and the frequency band F3 for the second communication service, there is a risk that a fatal interference occurs not only on the secondary system but also on the primary system at position P0, for example. Such a risk might be reduced by expanding the width of the guard area. However, expanding the width of the guard area leads to a decrease of an opportunity of secondary usage of spectrum. From this point of view, to control a transmission poser of a second communication service according to the above-mentioned first, second or third embodiment allows for reducing interference on the primary system to fall within an acceptable range without excessively expanding the width of the guard area.

It should be noted that a series of processing according to the first, second and third embodiments described in this specification may be implemented on either hardware or software. In the case of executing a series or part of processing on software, a program constituting the software is prestored in a recording medium such as ROM (Read Only Memory), read into RAM (Random Access Memory) and then executed by using a CPU or the like.

The subject matter of each embodiment described in this specification is applicable to various types of modes of secondary usage. For example, as described above, it can be said that operation of relay node or femto-cell to cover a spectrum hole of the first communication service is a mode of secondary usage of spectrum. Further, the relationship between any one or more of macro-cell, RRH (Remote Radio Head), Hotzone, relay node, femto-cell and the like may form a mode of secondary usage of spectrum (such as heterogeneous network).

Although preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above with reference to the drawings, the present invention is not limited thereto. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and alterations may occur depending on design requirements and other factors insofar as they are within the scope of the appended claims or the equivalents thereof.

The present application contains subject matter related to that disclosed in Japanese Priority Patent Application JP 2009-179368 filed in the Japan Patent Office on Jul. 31, 2009 and Japanese Priority Patent Application JP 2010-110013 filed in the Japan Patent Office on May 12, 2010, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A secondary usage node comprising: processing circuitry configured to: operate a second communication service using a part or whole of a spectrum assigned to a first communication service; acquire an acceptable transmission power that is determined by a management node based on a sum of interference power levels, each from one of a plurality of secondary usage nodes including the secondary usage node, on the first communication service; and allocate transmission power to at least one terminal device.
 2. The secondary usage node of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: allocate the transmission power to the at least one terminal device based on the acceptable transmission power.
 3. The secondary usage node of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: acquire the acceptable transmission power by receiving at least one beacon from the management node.
 4. The secondary usage node of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: transmit a required transmission power for the secondary usage node to the management node.
 5. The secondary usage node of claim 1, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: transmit location information of the secondary usage node to the management node, wherein the acceptable transmission power is further determined based on the location information of the secondary usage node.
 6. The secondary usage node of claim 5, wherein the location information further includes additional location information of additional secondary usage nodes other than the secondary usage node.
 7. The secondary usage node of claim 1, wherein: the processing circuitry is configured to: transmit location information of the secondary usage node to the management node, and the acceptable transmission power is determined by the management node based on the sum of interference power levels on the first communication service at a location of the secondary usage node.
 8. A secondary usage node comprising: processing circuitry configured to: operate a second communication service using a part or whole of a spectrum assigned to a first communication service; acquire at least one parameter for determining an acceptable transmission power from a management node, wherein the at least one parameter is determined based on a sum of interference power levels, each from one of a plurality of secondary usage nodes including the secondary usage node, on the first communication service; and allocate transmission power to at least one terminal device.
 9. The secondary usage node of claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: determine the acceptable transmission power based on the at least one parameter.
 10. The secondary usage node of claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: allocate the transmission power to the at least one terminal device based on the acceptable transmission power.
 11. The secondary usage node of claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: acquire the acceptable transmission power by receiving at least one beacon from the management node.
 12. The secondary usage node of claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is configured to: transmit a required transmission power for the secondary usage node to the management node.
 13. The secondary usage node of claim 8, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: transmit location information of the secondary usage node to the management node, wherein the at least one parameter is further determined based on the location information of the secondary usage node.
 14. The secondary usage node of claim 13, wherein the location information further includes additional location information of additional secondary usage nodes other than the secondary usage node.
 15. The secondary usage node of claim 8, wherein: the processing circuitry is configured to: transmit location information of the secondary usage node to the management node, and the acceptable transmission power is determined by the management node based on the sum of interference power levels on the first communication service at a location of the secondary usage node.
 16. A terminal device comprising: processing circuitry configured to: receive an allocated transmission power from a secondary usage node, wherein the allocated transmission power is determined based on a sum of interference power levels, each from one of a plurality of secondary usage nodes including the secondary usage node, on a first communication service; and communicate via a second communication service using a part or whole of a spectrum assigned to the first communication service within the allocated transmission power from the secondary usage node.
 17. The terminal device of claim 16, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: receive at least one beacon from the secondary usage node.
 18. The terminal device of claim 17, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: transmit the required transmission power for the terminal device to the secondary usage node in response to receiving the at least one beacon from the secondary usage node.
 19. The terminal device of claim 16, wherein the allocated transmission power is determined by a management node.
 20. The terminal device of claim 16, wherein the allocated transmission power is determined by the secondary usage node based on at least one parameter received from a management node.
 21. The terminal device of claim 16, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: transmit a required transmission power for the terminal device to the secondary usage node.
 22. The terminal device of claim 16, wherein: the allocated transmission power is further determined based on location information of the secondary usage node.
 23. The terminal device of claim 16, wherein: the allocated transmission power is determined based on the sum of interference power levels on the first communication service at a location of the secondary usage node. 